ZWeR 2026, 207

RWS Verlag Kommunikationsforum GmbH & Co. KG, Köln RWS Verlag Kommunikationsforum GmbH & Co. KG, Köln 2199-1723 Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht ZWeR 2026 AufsätzeJuliane Mendelsohn*

On Normative Power and Exploitative Abuse in Digital Markets – Navigating Heike Schweitzer’s Notion of the Private Law Society

Normative power has been defined as “the power to shape current and future normality, normativity, markets, social relations, behaviour, and truth”. In digital markets, this power stems not only from the formal power to set the rules of engagement, but also from the more subtle “steering” and design capabilities that dominant platform operators and ecosystem orchestrators enjoy. This gives them a unique ability to exclude competitors and exploit users at scale. This paper aims to better understand the nature of this power and scrutinise competition law’s ability to tackle its exploitative effects. To this end, the paper draws inspiration from two concepts put forward by Heike Schweitzer: rule-setting (regulatory) power as market power; and her notion of the norms that shape the private law society as a decentralised coordinating system. Expanding the former notion of rule-setting power to encompass novel manifestations of normative power, the paper uses insights from the latter to ascertain when and how competition law intervention into exploitative practices is possible.

Contents

  • I. Introduction
  • II. Sources of inspiration and their limitations
  • III. Dimensions of normative power
    • 1. Rule-setting (regulatory) power
    • 2. Algorithmic (patterning or steering) power
    • 3. Instrumental power
    • 4. Discursive power
  • IV. The origin of rule-setting (regulatory) power
  • V. The rule-setting power of platforms and exclusionary abuse
  • VI. Exploitative abuse in the age of platform domination
    • 1. Understanding past reluctance
    • 2. Features of exploitation in the infrastructure of digital markets
    • 3. Case law and tests
      • 3.1 Past case law
      • 3.2 Most recent digital case law
  • VII. Exploitation and the private law society
*
*)
Junior-Professor of Law and Economics of Digitalization at the Technische Universität Ilmenau. The contribution is dedicated to Heike Schweitzer – may she forever be our lighthouse in the fog.

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